Users' online cravings like needs of other addicts
Sharon Kirkey, Canwest News Service
Published: Monday, March 17, 2008
Compulsive e-mailing and text messaging could soon become classified as an official brain illness.
An editorial in this month's issue of the American Journal of Psychiatry says Internet addiction -- including "excessive gaming, sexual pre-occupations and e-mail/text messaging" -- is a common compulsive-impulsive disorder that should be added to psychiatry's official guidebook of mental disorders.
Like other addicts, users experience cravings, urges, withdrawal and tolerance, requiring more and better equipment and software, or more and more hours online, according to Dr. Jerald Block, a psychiatrist at the Oregon Health and Science University in Portland. Block says people can lose all track of time or neglect "basic drives," like eating or sleeping. Relapse rates are high, he writes, and some people may need psychoactive medications or hospitalization.
Block says about 86 per cent of Internet addicts have some other form of mental illness, but unless a therapist is looking for it, Internet addiction is likely to be missed.
He argues the phenomenon warrants being included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, psychiatry's official dictionary of mental illnesses. The next edition, DSM-V, is due out in 2012. A draft is expected to be available for public comment next year.
But some say the research into Internet addiction is in its infancy and wonder how doctors decide when computer use crosses the line from the normal, to the pathological.
British psychiatrists, reporting last year in the journal Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, say a "significant minority" -- some estimate between five and 10 per cent of online users -- are addicted to the Internet, and that while early research suggests most are highly educated, highly introverted males, more recent studies suggest the bulk of the problem is occurring among middle-aged women on home computers.
Some use computers like they would drugs or alcohol as a way to escape reality, the researchers say. Addicts may be addicted to everything form the sheer act of typing, to chat rooms, online shopping or three-dimensional, multiplayer games users have described as "heroinware."
According to addiction therapist John Macdonald, of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, computer use becomes problematic when the behaviour starts affecting people's lives.
For example, is the person pre-occupied with getting, and staying online? "If they're not able to engage in it, is it emotionally upsetting for them?"
"Are they isolating themselves too much? Is too much time being diverted to that activity? Is it causing upheaval or conflict in their relationships?" Macdonald says.
"The real proof in the pudding is: Is the amount that you do causing any problems in your life?"
China and South Korea are already addressing the problem.
After 10 people dropped dead in Internet cafes in South Korea from cardiopulmonary-related deaths -- at least seven reportedly due to online gaming -- the government trained more than 1,000 counsellors and recruited more than 190 hospitals and clinics in the treatment of Internet addiction, Block writes.
One 24-year-old man died after playing computer games non-stop for 86 hours. China has laws discouraging more than three hours of online gaming per day.
But in the U.S., and Canada, no one knows just how prevalent the problem is, Block says.
"Unlike in Asia, where Internet cafes are frequently used, in the United States games and virtual sex are accessed from the home. Attempts to measure the phenomenon are clouded by shame, denial and minimization."
Macdonald says if it can be proven that Internet addiction, like other forms of excessive behaviour, has neurological underpinnings, "how could you not include it" in the manual of mental disorders.
But he says researchers "have got quite a way to go before then."
According to addiction therapist John Macdonald, of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, computer use becomes problematic when the behaviour starts affecting people's lives.
For example, is the person preoccupied with getting, and staying online? "If they're not able to engage in it, is it emotionally upsetting for them?
"Are they isolating themselves too much? Is too much time being diverted to that activity? Is it causing upheaval or conflict in their relationships?" Macdonald says.
"The real proof in the pudding is: Is the amount that you do causing any problems in your life?"
China and South Korea are already addressing the problem.
After 10 people dropped dead in Internet cafes in South Korea from cardiopulmonary-related deaths -- at least seven reportedly due to online gaming -- the government trained more than 1,000 counsellors and recruited more than 190 hospitals and clinics in the treatment of Internet addiction, Block writes.
One 24-year-old man died after playing computer games non-stop for 86 hours.
China has laws discouraging more than three hours of online gaming per day.
But in the U.S. and Canada no one knows just how prevalent the problem is, Block says.
"Unlike in Asia, where Internet cafes are frequently used, in the United States games and virtual sex are accessed from the home. Attempts to measure the phenomenon are clouded by shame, denial and minimization."
Macdonald says if it can be proven that Internet addiction, like other forms of excessive behaviour, has neurological underpinnings, "how could you not include it" in the manual of mental disorders.
But he says researchers "have got quite a way to go before then."
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